Strategic Disclosure with Fake and Real News

Jul 26, 2026

Sivan Frenkel, Ilan Kremer

We develop a model in which information about a firm’s value can be obtained from two sources: (i) voluntary disclosure by a firm’s manager, if she is informed, and (ii) an exogenous source – news – with uncertain accuracy, i.e., that may be real or fake. We focus on the case where the accuracy of the news is positively correlated with the manager’s information endowment, and the manager makes the disclosure decision before observing the news. In contrast to the existing theoretical literature, our model does not admit a pure-strategy disclosure equilibrium. Instead, the equilibrium is characterized by two thresholds: an informed manager never discloses values below the lower threshold, always discloses values above the higher threshold, and employs a mixed strategy with a monotonically increasing probability of disclosure for values between the two thresholds. We show that the presence of such news crowds out managerial disclosure, but the overall information that is available to investors improves.


Sivan Frenkel

Sivan Frenkel

Tel Aviv University

Ilan Kremer

Ilan Kremer

Hebrew University and Warwick University